{"id":1596,"date":"2019-09-18T06:53:22","date_gmt":"2019-09-18T13:53:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/?page_id=1596"},"modified":"2022-08-30T16:43:21","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T23:43:21","slug":"articles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/?page_id=1596","title":{"rendered":"Articles &#038; Analyses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You can find below some of my ongoing research projects on news, disinformation, social media, politics, and digital culture. I sometimes post here some insight that is not used or published elsewhere. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>How did global TV news channels cover the convoy protest in Canada?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Date: July 12, 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I examined the total&nbsp;airtime of&nbsp;news coverage of the truckers protest in Ottawa by&nbsp;10 news channels: (BLOOMBERG,&nbsp;CNBC,CNN,&nbsp;FOXNEWS, MSNBC,&nbsp;ALJAZEERA,&nbsp;BBCNEWS,&nbsp;DW,&nbsp;RT, and&nbsp;CBS), and<em>&nbsp;<\/em>I used Google&#8217;s GDELT for this inquiry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><p>To search these channels, I used the following terms: &#8220;convoy protest&#8221;, &#8220;truckers protest&#8221;, &#8220;truckers convoy&#8221;, &#8220;trucker protest&#8221;, &#8220;freedom convoy&#8221;, &#8220;trucker protest&#8221; and by specifying the following dates during which the event was mentioned: 1\/13\/2022 until 4\/12\/2022. <\/p><style>\n.respviz { height: 400px; }\n@media screen and (min-width : 0px) and (max-width : 767px){ .respviz { height: 250px; } }\n<\/style>\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/api.gdeltproject.org\/api\/v2\/tv\/tv?format=html&amp;startdatetime=20220113120000&amp;enddatetime=20220412120000&amp;last24=yes&amp;datanorm=raw&amp;query=(%22convoy%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22%20OR%20%22freedom%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22)%20(station:BLOOMBERG%20OR%20station:CNBC%20OR%20station:CNN%20OR%20station:FOXNEWS%20OR%20station:MSNBC%20OR%20station:ALJAZ%20OR%20station:BBCNEWS%20OR%20station:DW%20OR%20station:RT%20OR%20network:CBS%20)%20&amp;mode=timelinevol&amp;timezoom=yes\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"respviz\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Theoretically, the more attention given to a topic, the more important it is for the news organization. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><style>\n.respviz { height: 400px; }\n@media screen and (min-width : 0px) and (max-width : 767px){ .respviz { height: 250px; } }\n<\/style> <iframe class=\"respviz\" src=\"https:\/\/api.gdeltproject.org\/api\/v2\/tv\/tv?format=html&amp;startdatetime=20220113120000&amp;enddatetime=20220412120000&amp;last24=yes&amp;datanorm=raw&amp;query=(%22convoy%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22%20OR%20%22freedom%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22)%20(station:BLOOMBERG%20OR%20station:CNBC%20OR%20station:CNN%20OR%20station:FOXNEWS%20OR%20station:MSNBC%20OR%20station:ALJAZ%20OR%20station:BBCNEWS%20OR%20station:DW%20OR%20station:RT%20OR%20network:CBS%20)%20&amp;mode=stationchart\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second point is the framing of the protest that is often described in relation to freedom of expression and\/or movement.\u00a0For example, I \u00a0analyzed the terms that RT mostly used in\u00a0describing\u00a0the movement and it is actually the phrase &#8220;freedom convoy&#8221; (mentioned 1032 times) and it got the highest airtime coverage, too (see the\u00a0visualization below). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2006\" height=\"1159\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RT_terms_covered_in_seconds.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RT_terms_covered_in_seconds.jpg 2006w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RT_terms_covered_in_seconds-768x444.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/RT_terms_covered_in_seconds-1536x887.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2006px) 100vw, 2006px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><p>Other&nbsp;common phrases&nbsp;associated with the news&nbsp;coverage&nbsp;include&nbsp;&#8220;peaceful demonstration&#8221; and &#8220;peaceful protestors&#8221;, indicating the channel&#8217;s preference in framing the protestors.<\/p><style>\n.respviz { height: 400px; }\n@media screen and (min-width : 0px) and (max-width : 767px){ .respviz { height: 250px; } }\n<\/style>\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/api.gdeltproject.org\/api\/v2\/tv\/tv?format=html&amp;startdatetime=20220113120000&amp;enddatetime=20220412120000&amp;last24=yes&amp;datanorm=raw&amp;query=(%22convoy%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22%20OR%20%22freedom%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22)%20station:RT&amp;mode=wordcloud\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"respviz\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> The link&nbsp;below shows another visualization of RT&#8217;s news coverage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2548\" height=\"1196\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/snippets_RT.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2055\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/snippets_RT.png 2548w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/snippets_RT-768x360.png 768w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/snippets_RT-1536x721.png 1536w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/snippets_RT-2048x961.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2548px) 100vw, 2548px\" \/><figcaption>Finally, it is interesting to see in <a href=\"https:\/\/api.gdeltproject.org\/api\/v2\/tv\/tv?format=html&amp;startdatetime=20220113120000&amp;enddatetime=20220412120000&amp;last24=yes&amp;datanorm=raw&amp;query=(%22convoy%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20protest%22%20OR%20%22truckers%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22%20OR%20%22freedom%20convoy%22%20OR%20%22trucker%20protest%22)%20station:RT&amp;mode=clipgallery&amp;sort=datedesc&amp;maxrecords=5000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this link<\/a> the type of sources and people RT decided to interview to cover the convoy protest.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">Holford, D., Fasce, A., Tapper, K., Demko, M., Lewandowsky, S., Hahn, U., A., <strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong>, Alladin, A., Boender, T. S., Bruns, H., Fischer, F., Gilde, C., Hanel, P. H. P., Herzog, S. M., Kause, A., Lehmann, S., Nurse, M. S., Orr, C., Pescetelli, N., Petrescu, M., Sah, S., Schmid, P., Sirota, M., &amp; Wulf, M. (2022). A manifesto for science communication as collective intelligence. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/TZUFW\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/TZUFW<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> (2022, May 11). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/language-matters-when-googling-controversial-people-181684\">Language matters when Googling controversial people<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> (2022, April 10). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/canadas-russian-embassy-weaponizes-social-media-to-fuel-support-for-the-ukraine-invasion-180109\">The Russian embassy in Canada weaponizes social media to fuel support for the Ukraine invasion<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See below the most active users (the larger the bubble, means the most frequent user), and the graph below shows the sudden spike in users&#8217; accounts that were created in February 2022, retweeting the Russian Embassy&#8217;s messages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1141\" height=\"1141\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/FP_FEh_acAMCWTH.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1938\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/FP_FEh_acAMCWTH.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/FP_FEh_acAMCWTH-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/FP_FEh_acAMCWTH-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1141px) 100vw, 1141px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2166\" height=\"1133\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/users_month_Russia_Canada.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/users_month_Russia_Canada.jpg 2166w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/users_month_Russia_Canada-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/users_month_Russia_Canada-1536x803.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/users_month_Russia_Canada-2048x1071.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2166px) 100vw, 2166px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>The Truckers&#8217; protest in 2022<\/strong> <strong>on Twitter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Date: February 21, 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I explored the truckers&#8217; protests in Ottawa by studying the discussions on Twitter. I searched for 6 supportive and neutral hashtags from January 1 until February 20, 2022 (TruckersForFreedom2022 OR #IStandWithTruckers OR #FreedomTruckers OR #istandwiththetruckers OR #Truckersforfreedomconvoy2022 OR #TruckersConvoy2022), and the total number of collected tweets were 1,379,282 (data from February 15 is missing). Interestingly, I examined the self-proclaimed locations of users, and this is what they mostly stated (the bigger the bubble means the more recurrent the location is). As we can see below, the majority of users are from Canada.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1144\" height=\"1144\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/locations.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2094\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/locations.jpg 1144w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/locations-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/locations-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1144px) 100vw, 1144px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, when I examined the most used languages, I was surprised to find that Dutch and German languages come immediately after English and French, indicating the kind of support the movement got from the Netherlands and Germany. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2006\" height=\"1075\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/languages.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2095\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/languages.jpg 2006w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/languages-768x412.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/languages-1536x823.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2006px) 100vw, 2006px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> (2021, August 29). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/facebooks-latest-federal-election-integrity-initiative-is-just-another-marketing-tactic-166849\">Facebook\u2019s latest federal election integrity initiative is just another marketing tactic<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Holford, D. L., Finn, A., Lombardi, D., <strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong>, Thomson, A., Leask, J., Juanchich, M., Anderson, E. C., Sah, S., Vraga, E. K., Gavaruzzi, T., Rapp, D. N., Amazeen, M. A., Sinatra, G. M., Kendeou, P., Armaos, K. D., Newman, E. J., Ecker, U. K. H., Tapper, K., Bruns, H. H. B., Pennycook, G., Betsch, C., Hahn, U. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/sks.to\/c19vax\"><em>The COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Handbook. A practical guide for improving vaccine communication and fighting misinformation<\/em><\/a>. Repository.essex.ac.uk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Armaos, K., Tapper, K., Ecker, U., Juanchich, M., Bruns, H., Gavaruzzi, T., Sah, S., <strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong>, Lewandowsky, S. (2020). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.shapingtomorrowsworld.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/flyer_v18.pdf\"><em>Tips on countering conspiracy theories and disinformation<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em> Shaping tomorrow\u2019s world.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> (2019, September 10). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/scant-evidence-of-active-twitter-bots-as-canadian-election-nears-123071\">Scant evidence of active Twitter bots as Canadian election&nbsp;nears<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">A further bots examination of the hashtag #TrudeauMustGo in 2019 on Twitter<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Date:<\/strong> <strong>18 September, 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a follow up to the article above on bots before the 2019 Canadian election, I collected 310,451 tweeted referencing #TrudeauMustGo posted by 13,960 unique users from 20 June until 13 September 2019. The highest number of tweets were on 19 July (n=21,157) followed by 14 August 2019 (n=11,799). The top day is mostly attributed to a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/DrJacobsRad\/status\/1152023767377334272\">viral<\/a>\u201d post by a conservative supporter posted on 18 July challenging the claim that this hashtag is caused by bots, while the latter date coincided with <a href=\"https:\/\/nationalpost.com\/news\/politics\/trudeau-breached-conflict-of-interest-law-in-snc-lavalin-affair-ethics-commissioner-rules?utm_medium=Social&amp;utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1565796985\">news reports<\/a> on Trudeau\u2019s breaching the conflict of interest law in relation to the SNC-Lavalin issue. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 1 \u2013 Frequency of tweets referencing #TrudeauMustGo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/rsz_chart11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1621\" width=\"651\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/rsz_chart11.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/rsz_chart11-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Table 1 \u2013 The top 20\nretweets which include 5 posts referencing bots<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>No.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Retweets<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Frequency<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  1.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  22626\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>2.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>#trudeaumustgo #notabot<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>1079<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>3.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>#TrudeauMustGo&nbsp;\n  https:\/\/twitter.com\/drjacobsrad\/status\/1152023767377334272&nbsp;\u2026<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>474<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>4.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>#notabot #trudeaumustgo<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>460<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  5.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #trudeaumustresign #TrudeauMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  390\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  6.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #TrudeauMustResign\n  <\/td><td>\n  379\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  7.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #ButtsMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  371\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  8.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #LiberalsMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  319\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  9.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #TrudeauMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  249\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  10.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #Scheer4PM\n  <\/td><td>\n  230\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  11.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #VotePPC #PPC #PPC2019 #BERNIERNATION #MCGA\n  #Liberals #TheGreatAwakening #Peoplespartyofcanada\n  <\/td><td>\n  216\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  12.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #tRUDEauMustGO!\n  <\/td><td>\n  120\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  13.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #trudeaumustresign #trudeaumustgo #LiberalsMustGo #ButtsMustGo\n  #ProsecuteTrudeau #ObstructionOfJustice\n  <\/td><td>\n  109\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  14.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo&nbsp;\n  https:\/\/twitter.com\/SpencerFernando\/status\/1152989332275224576&nbsp;\u2026\n  <\/td><td>\n  107\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  15.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #TrudeauMustGo #TrudeauMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  107\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  16.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #TrudeauMustGoToJail\n  <\/td><td>\n  100\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  17.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #TrudeauMustGo #McKennaMustGo\n  <\/td><td>\n  95\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>18.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>#TrudeauMustGo\n  #TrudeauMustGo #notAbot<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>92<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>19.<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>#TrudeauMustGo #NotABot\n  #PrisonersLikeButts #FlushTheTurd<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>91<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  20.\n  <\/td><td>\n  #buttsmustgo #trudeaumustgo\n  <\/td><td>\n  78\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The bots examination of all the users (n=13,960), which lasted 5 days to complete, shows the following results. First, it was not possible to get the scores of 61 accounts either because they were private, blocked, or deleted. From the remaining 13,899 accounts, there were only 520 accounts that scored 3.5 and above which increases their likelihood of being bots, constituting about 3.5% of the total accounts (Botometer calculates scores ranging between 0 for humans and 5 for bots). To conclude, the vast majority of Twitter users who referenced #TrudeauMustGo are humans and only a very few number of users seem to act like bots.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Chart1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Chart1.png 3840w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Chart1-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Chart1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Chart1-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">Social Network Analysis of #CDNpoli most mentioned users in 2019 on Twitter<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Date: 18 October, 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Network-analysis.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Network-analysis.png 1024w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Network-analysis-1000x1000.png 1000w, https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Network-analysis-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Over half a million tweets referencing #CDNpoli were collected using SFU-TCAT platform which were posted by over 80K unique users from July to October, 2019. The bigger the bubble means the more frequent mentions. There is evidence here of echo chambers or clusters representing the conservatives, liberals, NDP, and Maxime Bernier. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> (2019, October 18). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/fakenews-is-being-used-to-discredit-mainstream-media-coverage-of-the-canadian-election-125301\">\u201c#Fakenews is being used to discredit mainstream media coverage of the Canadian&nbsp;election<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Al-Rawi, A.<\/strong> &amp; Jiwani, Y. (2019, July 23). <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/russian-twitter-trolls-stoke-anti-immigrant-lies-ahead-of-canadian-election-119144\">Russian Twitter trolls stoke&nbsp;anti-immigrant&nbsp;lies ahead of Canadian&nbsp;election<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Translated into French language: (2019, August 27). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/des-trolls-russes-diffusent-des-fausses-nouvelles-sur-twitter-a-lapproche-des-elections-canadiennes-121015\" target=\"_blank\">Des trolls russes diffusent des fausses nouvelles sur Twitter \u00e0 l\u2019approche des \u00e9lections canadiennes<\/a>. <em>The Conversation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You can find below some of my ongoing research projects on news, disinformation, social media, politics, and digital culture. I sometimes post here some insight that is not used or published elsewhere. How did global TV news channels cover the convoy protest in Canada? Date: July 12, 2022 I examined the total&nbsp;airtime of&nbsp;news coverage of &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/?page_id=1596\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Articles &#038; Analyses<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1596","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1596"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2104,"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1596\/revisions\/2104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aalrawi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}